Date: Thu, 29 Sep 94 18:09:14 PDT From: Info-Hams Mailing List and Newsgroup Errors-To: Info-Hams-Errors@UCSD.Edu Reply-To: Info-Hams@UCSD.Edu Precedence: Bulk Subject: Info-Hams Digest V94 #1074 To: Info-Hams Info-Hams Digest Thu, 29 Sep 94 Volume 94 : Issue 1074 Today's Topics: (none) Amateur radio on World Wide Web? BELGIUM VHF & UHF REPEATERS CHART Coaxial Antenna Formula? How to find the answers to frequently-asked questions about Ham Radio Looking for Hamfests Tucker Electronics UNIVERSITY RADIO CLUB Why does Radio Shac care if I export HT202? ## Send Replies or notes for publication to: Send subscription requests to: Problems you can't solve otherwise to brian@ucsd.edu. Archives of past issues of the Info-Hams Digest are available (by FTP only) from UCSD.Edu in directory "mailarchives/info-hams". We trust that readers are intelligent enough to realize that all text herein consists of personal comments and does not represent the official policies or positions of any party. Your mileage may vary. So there. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Date: 29 Sep 94 22:21:00 GMT From: news-mail-gateway@ucsd.edu Subject: (none) To: info-hams@ucsd.edu Marcos Aurelio ax.25 : PU1AIX@PU1AIX.#RIO.RJ.BRA.SA Internet: marcos.aurelio%hlbbs@ibase.org --- * UniQWK #1196* ------------------------------ Date: Wed, 28 Sep 1994 11:26:15 UNDEFINED From: ihnp4.ucsd.edu!agate!howland.reston.ans.net!news.moneng.mei.com!jessup!kevin.jessup@network.ucsd.edu Subject: Amateur radio on World Wide Web? To: info-hams@ucsd.edu Are there any amateur radio related topics on World Wide Web? On the other hand, if you use Mosaic and WWB, how much time do you spend (waste?) on amateur radio anyway? ;-)) -------------------------------------------------------------------- /`-_ kevin.jessup@mail.mei.com | { }/ Marquette Electronics, Inc | Time for another tea party! \ / Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA | |__*| N9SQB, ARRL, Amateur Radio | -------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------ Date: 28 Sep 1994 15:17:47 GMT From: ihnp4.ucsd.edu!dog.ee.lbl.gov!agate!howland.reston.ans.net!math.ohio-state.edu!jussieu.fr!cea.fr!usenet@network.ucsd.edu Subject: BELGIUM VHF & UHF REPEATERS CHART To: info-hams@ucsd.edu Here is a list of VHF & UHF repeaters in Belgium : 2 m Shift : - 600 kHz --- Frequenz (RX) Call Standort ---------------------------------------------- 145.600 ON 0 HC La Louviêre ( La Hestre ) 145.625 ON 0 HT Tournai ( Mont St. Aubert ) 145.637,5 ON 0 ZK Heist op den Berg 145.650 ON 0 LG Liêge ( Sart Tilman ) ON 0 WV Brugge 145.662,5 ON 0 NL Peer ON 0 CLR Charleroi ( Montignies le Tilleul ) 145.675 ON 0 BT Bruxelles 145.700 ON 0 OV Gent 145.712,5 ON 0 MNS Mons ( Nimy ) 145.725 ON 0 NR Namur ( Wâpion ) 145.737,5 ON 0 KT Courtrai 145.750 ON 0 LU Luxembourg ( St. Hubert ) 145.762,5 ON 0 VE Verviers ( Jalhay ) ON 0 AN Antwerpen 145.775 ON 0 LB Limburg ( Genk ) ON 0 FF Ypres ( Mont Rouge ) 70 cm SHIFT : + 1.600 kHz ----- Frequenz (RX) Call Standort ---------------------------------------------- 430.025 ON 0 UBA Brussel 430.050 ON 0 GEE Geel 430.075 ON 0 UCH Jumet 430.100 ON 0 OST Ostende ON 0 WTO Waterloo ( Jenappes ) 430.125 ON 0 KTK Courtrai ON 0 LIM Limburg ( Genk ) 430.150 ON 0 ANT Antwerpen 430.175 ON 0 PHI Philippeville ON 0 VRA Ypres ( Mont Kemel ) 430.200 ON 0 HAL Halle 430.225 ON 0 BLW Grand-Bigard 430.250 ON 0 HOB Heist op den Berg 430.275 ON 0 GBN Geraardsbergen(GRAMMONT) 430.300 ON 0 NAM Namur 430.325 ON 0 LLV La Louviêre ( Epinois ) 430.350 ON 0 TLO Tessenderloo 430.375 ON 0 VBT Mollem Jean-Christophe MONIER Ingenieur Reseaux / Networks Engineer Athesa - C.E.A. Defense - France E-Mail : jcmonier@muguet.saclay.cea.fr Phone : (33/1) 69.08.56.41 ------------------------------ Date: Wed, 28 Sep 1994 12:18:23 GMT From: ihnp4.ucsd.edu!dog.ee.lbl.gov!agate!howland.reston.ans.net!usc!nic-nac.CSU.net!charnel.ecst.csuchico.edu!csusac!csus.edu!netcom.com!tja@network.ucsd.edu Subject: Coaxial Antenna Formula? To: info-hams@ucsd.edu Hi, A few years ago I read an article on coaxial vertical antennas. It was pretty good in-fact. It gave the formulas for the segments and a few diagrams for making one out of RG-8 and placing it inside of a piece of PVC with caps on both ends. I mad a few of them too, but now "I CAN'T FIND THE ARTICLE"! It may have been in QST, may have been 73 or CQ... I dunno? Can anyone help, Please E-Mail me below. Thanks on advance... Tom -- --------------------------[ T.J. Alessi - WB1L ]----------------------------- T.J. Alessi & Associates * PO Box 16781 * Stamford, Connecticut 06905-8781 Internet: TJA@Netcom.Com * MCI:Alessi@MCIMail.Com * Phone: +1(203)969-1880 ------------------------------ Date: Wed, 28 Sep 1994 09:44:35 GMT From: ihnp4.ucsd.edu!agate!trib.apple.com!amd!amdahl!amdahl.uts.amdahl.com!netnews@network.ucsd.edu Subject: How to find the answers to frequently-asked questions about Ham Radio To: info-hams@ucsd.edu Posted-By: auto-faq 3.1.1.4 Archive-name: ham-faq-ptr How to find the Rec.radio.amateur.misc Frequently Asked Questions list ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ This article will tell you how to find the answers to frequently-asked Questions (FAQ) from rec.radio.amateur.misc. The FAQ articles are posted on the 7th and 21st of each month. This article is posted on the 14th and 28th of every month as a reminder of where to find the FAQ. The FAQ articles are intended to summarize some common questions on the rec.radio.amateur.misc newsgroup and Info-Hams mail list as well as to help beginners get started. Besides the monthly posting, the FAQ is always available via anonymous FTP and from e-mail servers. This article contains instructions for obtaining a copy of the FAQ. It also contains the table of contents from the FAQ so that you know which questions are covered by it. Please provide a copy of the FAQ to any new or soon-to-be Hams you know. Regular FAQ postings can help save network bandwidth and maintain a good signal-to-noise ratio in the newsgroup. However, they can't do it alone - you, the reader, have to use them. If you are a new user, please print and review the FAQ articles and look at the instructions in the news.newusers newsgroup before posting any articles. If you are an experienced user, please help by refraining from answering frequently-asked questions on the newsgroup if they are already answered by the FAQ articles. Instead, send e-mail to the user who asked the question. (It will be helpful if you include the part of the FAQ that answers their question, but not the whole thing.) --How to obtain a current copy of the FAQ------------------------------------- There are 7 ways to obtain a copy of the FAQ. 1) World-Wide Web (WWW) and Mosaic 2) NetNews 3) Anonymous FTP 4) An Electronic Mail Server 5) Mail List Subscription 6) Gopher 7) Wide Area Information Server (WAIS) Option #1: World-Wide Web (WWW) and Mosaic ------------------------------------------ The World-Wide Web (WWW) has experienced explosive growth in usage in 1993 and 1994. WWW clients like Lynx (in ASCII text) or Mosaic (X/Mac/Windows) can display the FAQ from many different sources. Each source is named by a URL (uniform resource locator.) If you are one of the growing numbers of people with Internet access, Option #1 is your choice. The following URL can be used to find the FAQ: http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/hypertext/faq/usenet/radio/ham-radio/faq/top.html Other services listed later in this article are also accessible with WWW at the following URLs: news:rec.radio.info file://ftp.amdahl.com/pub/radio/amateur file://ftp.cs.buffalo.edu/pub/ham-radio file://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet/news.answers/radio/ham-radio/faq file://grivel.une.edu.au/pub/ham-radio/buffalo/ham-radio file://nic.funet.fi/pub/ham/info gopher://cc1.kuleuven.ac.be/ gopher://jupiter.sun.csd.unb.ca/ gopher://gopher.univ-lyon1.fr/ gopher://ftp.win.tue.nl/ gopher://gopher.win.tue.nl/ wais://rtfm.mit.edu/usenet For more information on WWW, see the comp.infosystems.www newsgroup. Also, the help options on your WWW client should be able to point you to lots of information all over the world. Option #2: NetNews ------------------ If you are familiar enough with NetNews to look through previous articles on your system, Option #2 above may be the easiest for you. The FAQ is posted so that it should not expire from your site's news spool until the next one is posted. Unfortunately, some news administrators do not honor the expiration dates meant to preserve the FAQ. Look in rec.radio.amateur.misc, rec.radio.info, rec.answers, or news.answers. If the FAQ has expired at your site, try Option #3 (and ask your news administrator to honor expiration dates for articles cross-posted to news.answers if he/she can.) Option #3: Anonymous FTP ------------------------ Anonymous FTP uses the File Transfer Protocol. It is only available to sites which are directly connected to the Internet. If you don't know how to use FTP and can't find a friend to help you, continue to Option #4. If your site is not connected to the Internet, you should also continue to Option #4. The following sites have copies of the FAQ: site name & address path to FAQ articles ------------------- -------------------- ftp.amdahl.com pub/radio/amateur/faq.[1-3].Z located in western USA, FAQ updated daily ftp.cs.buffalo.edu pub/ham-radio/faq_ham_[1-3] located in eastern USA, FAQ updated monthly rtfm.mit.edu pub/usenet/news.answers/radio/ham-radio/faq/part* located in eastern USA, FAQ updated monthly contains news.answers archive - most UseNet FAQs are here grivel.une.edu.au pub/ham-radio/buffalo/ham-radio/faq_ham_[1-3] located in Australia, FAQ updated monthly (Ham files mirrored from buffalo/funet/ucsd daily) nic.funet.fi pub/ham/info/faq_ham_[1-3] located in Finland, FAQ updated monthly Remember, when connecting to the remote system, use the login name of "anonymous" and, as a courtesy to the site administrators, your e-mail address for the password. Option #4: Electronic Mail Server --------------------------------- If you can't use Options 1 or 2, your only remaining option is electronic mail. You can retreive a copy of the FAQ by sending a message to mail-server@rtfm.mit.edu The body of your mail will contain a command for the mail server software. To get all of the FAQ (consisting of 70K of e-mail in 3 parts), place the following in the first line of your message: send usenet/news.answers/radio/ham-radio/faq/* Leave out the subject of your message because the mail server will ignore it. --- begin sample mail message --- To: mail-server@rtfm.mit.edu From: me@here.org Date: Mon Aug 14 22:27:33 PDT 1995 send usenet/news.answers/radio/ham-radio/faq/* --- end sample mail message --- Option #5: Mail List Subscription --------------------------------- If you prefer, you may get the FAQ and other periodic Ham Radio information as it gets posted. All the information posted to rec.radio.info can be obtained through the UCSD list server via the "radio-info" mail list. To subscribe, send an e-mail to listserv@ucsd.edu Similar to the e-mail server listed above, just send a single-line message subscribe radio-info If you need more information, the listserv program also accepts a "help" command. Just keep it on a separate line in the message. Option #6: Gopher ----------------- You can access gopher servers on TCP port 70 (gopher protocol) at the following locations which carry the Ham Radio FAQ: cc1.kuleuven.ac.be jupiter.sun.csd.unb.ca gopher.univ-lyon1.fr ftp.win.tue.nl gopher.win.tue.nl For more information on gopher, see the comp.infosystems.gopher newsgroup. Option #7: Wide Area Information Server (WAIS) ---------------------------------------------- In addition to the other services mentioned above, rtfm.mit.edu offers a WAIS server on TCP port 210. Use the "usenet" database to access the FAQ. For more information on WAIS, see the comp.infosystems.wais newsgroup. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Table of Contents ----------------- Dates indicate last modification. Part 1 - Introduction to the FAQ and Amateur Radio ** Table of Contents (6/93) ** Introduction to the FAQ (11/92) * How to Contribute to the FAQ Articles (6/93) * Please Do Not Ask Questions of the Editors (8/94) * Call for FAQ Editors (8/94) * Acknowledgements (6/93) * Notes on "Netiquette" (1/93) ** What is Amateur Radio? (11/92) ** Who can become a ham? (6/93) ** Where can I locate information and books on Amateur Radio? (9/93) ** How much does it cost? (9/92) ** Where can I take the tests? (9/93) ** What are the tests like? (6/93) ** What can I do with a ham radio license? (5/92) ** What can't I do with an Amateur Radio license? (pre-4/92) ** I'm interested, who will help me? (11/92) ** Should I build my own equipment or antenna? (11/92) Part 2 - Amateur Radio Organizations, Services, and Information Sources ** Where can I find Ham Radio information with a computer? (8/94) * Mosaic, World-Wide Web, Gopher, and WAIS (8/94) * The rec.radio.* newsgroups (2/94) * The ARRL e-mail server (1/93) * The KA6ETB e-mail "HAM-server" (2/94) * The Internet File Transfer Protocol (FTP) (2/94) * Access to FTP archives via electronic mail (1/93) * The Ham-Radio mail list: rec.radio.amateur.misc by mail (9/93) * Telephone BBS's with Ham-related information (9/93) * Callsign servers and geographical name servers (1/94) * FTP access to FCC Part 97 and FCC Amateur Radio question pools (1/94) * Lists of radio modifications and extensions (2/94) ** Can I send ARRL or W5YI electronic mail? (11/92) ** "Why doesn't the ARRL do...?" (11/92) ** What magazines are available for Ham Radio? (pre-4/92) ** How do I use the incoming and outgoing QSL bureau? (11/92) ** Are there any news groups for CAP? (11/92) ** What's the name of the QRP club that issues QRP numbers? (9/93) ** How do I become a 10-10 member? (9/93) ** How do I join MARS? (9/93) ** How do I join RACES? (pre-4/92) ** What organizations are available to help handicapped hams? (pre-4/92) ** I am looking for a specific ham, can anyone help me find him? (6/93) ** Can I post my neat new ham related program on rec.radio.amateur.misc? (pre-4/92) ** Where can I get ham radio software for my computer? (9/93) ** Are there Dialup News services or BBSs for Amateur Radio? (4/92) ** Where can I find VE sessions in my local area? (9/93) ** Why isn't XXX available electronically? (1/94) ** I'd like to volunteer to help ham radio through electronic information services like those mentioned in this FAQ list. Where should I start? (2/94) Part 3 - Amateur Radio Advanced and Technical Questions ** What are the different US amateur classes and what can each of them do? (pre-4/92) ** What is the best way to learn Morse Code? (10/92) ** What is the standard for measuring Morse code speed? (pre-4/92) ** What is the standard phonetic alphabet? (new 9/93) ** I'm confused. What do all those abbreviations mean??? (6/93) ** What do all those "tones" mean? (pre-4/92) ** Where can I learn more about Amateur Radio if I live outside the US? (9/93) ** How can I get a "reciprocal license" if I am a licensed ham from another country or if I am a FCC licensed ham who wants to operate in another country (on vacation)? (9/93) ** My apartment or housing complex does not allow outdoor antennas, now what do I do? (9/93) ** I got TVI...HELP!!! (9/93) ** Did you know that you can get college credit for being a ham? (pre-4/92) ** On what frequencies do JPL and GSFC retransmit the shuttle audio? (10/92) ** Can I take my HT on an airplane and operate it if I get the permission of the captain? (4/92) ** How do I modify my current Amateur license? (9/93) ** I'm confused about XXX, should I ask the FCC? (9/93) ** Is there any information on antique radios? (pre-4/92) ** Where can I buy vacuum tubes? (9/93) ** What do I need to get started in packet radio? (9/93) ** What do I need to get started in satellite communications? (9/93) ** What is available to get started in ATV, SSTV and WEFAX? (9/93) ** What are these contests I sometimes hear, and how do I participate? (9/93) --Asking Questions------------------------------------------------------------ If you have questions about Amateur Radio (a.k.a. Ham Radio), please read the FAQ. If your question is not answered there, check if you have any other sources (i.e. Mosaic/WWW) before proceeding. If you still don't have an answer, post your question to the most appropriate rec.radio.amateur.* newsgroup. And be sure to mention where you have already looked for the answer so people won't mistakenly tell you to try them again. Thank you for doing your part to conserve network bandwidth! --Submitting changes for the FAQ---------------------------------------------- If you have comments or updates for the FAQ, send e-mail to hamradio-faq@amdahl.com This will send mail to all the people on the FAQ editorial review group. --Call for FAQ Editors-------------------------------------------------------- As with any volunteer effort, new volunteers are often needed. We need a new editor to post the Ham Radio FAQ. Preferably this should be someone who has enthusiasm for Ham Radio, experience with UseNet, and the ability to work with the other editors. No single person can know all the various aspects of this diverse hobby so the editorial review group is intended to make a greater combination of experience. The FAQ is currently posted with the AUTO-FAQ software, which is written in PERL. So it would be a plus for volunteers to post the FAQ to have PERL installed on their system and be able to use "cron" or "at" so that postings can go unattended. Anyone who wants to make their contribution to the Net as a volunteer should contact hamradio-faq@amdahl.com. ------------------------------ Date: 28 Sep 1994 13:03:12 GMT From: haven.umd.edu!news.umbc.edu!europa.eng.gtefsd.com!swiss.ans.net!news.ans.net!news.nynexst.com!jsh@ames.arpa Subject: Looking for Hamfests To: info-hams@ucsd.edu Joe Herman (slammy@chop.isca.uiowa.edu) wrote: : I'm currently awaiting the arrival of my technician license - am not : affiliated with a club, or the ARRL yet [am waiting for my callsign to arrive : in the mail] Can anyone recommend a source of information regarding hamfests : in the Southern NJ/NY/Eastern PA area? I really like going to these things - : but I just don't know how to find 'em. : :.... . . . . . . : : 73, : : Joe ------------------ On Saturday, October 8th there is a good, fairly large outdoor Hamfest in Teaneck, New Jersey at Fairleigh Dickenson University on Route 4 West of the George Washington Bridge. Sponsored by the Bergen Amateur Radio Association. Some commercial vendors, but mostly lots of "tailgaters" with their own used gear to sell. I like this one and highly recommend it. (BTW, I have no affiliation with the fest or with BARA, the sponsor). 73, John -- John S. Hirth WB2HMF NYNEX Science & Technology, Inc. FAX: (914) 644-2706 White Plains, NY 10604 INTERNET: jsh@nynexst.com ------------------------------ Date: 28 Sep 1994 13:05:04 -0400 From: ihnp4.ucsd.edu!swrinde!howland.reston.ans.net!swiss.ans.net!newstf01.cr1.aol.com!newsbf01.news.aol.com!not-for-mail@network.ucsd.edu Subject: Tucker Electronics To: info-hams@ucsd.edu In article , marcbg@metronet.com (Marc B. Grant) writes: > Hi Gang > I'd like to know what kind of experiences you've had with Tucker > Electronics. I prefer email replies, but you may also follow up to this > thread. > > Thanks in advance! > Tucker has some of the highest prices I have ever seen. When I called and asked if they meet the competitions prices they said NEVER. So I NEVER buy from them. The best prices I have seen and have spent thousands with them if R&L Electronics. They have stores in Hamilton (Cincinnati, OH) and Indianapolis. Ads are in QST. Regards, Duffy WB8NUT ------------------------------ Date: 30 Sep 94 00:22:32 GMT From: news-mail-gateway@ucsd.edu Subject: UNIVERSITY RADIO CLUB To: info-hams@ucsd.edu Earlier this week Rich (N3HLS) asked about existing University Radio Clubs. I don't know if he was refering to the USA only, but I can tell you about the YV5USB, or the Simon Bolivar University Radio Club, located just outside of Caracas. The club was founded 22 years ago, and since more than 200 students have been in its ranks. Today it only has about 8 members, and two offices: one for reunions and a small shack located at the roof-top of the Electronics building inside the campus. We don't have much in terms of equipment, but plans are underway to change that fact. We have an old FT101E, FL2100B, two TRS-80 IV (for RTTY), verticals for 2m and 70 cm, a Mosley TA33 for 10,15 & 20m and dipoles for 40 and 80m. We welcome any mail from fellows hams, specially from other university radio clubs. 73's Wolfgang J. Scherer (YV5NQZ) CRUSB president wolfgang.scherer@ccxbbs.uunet.ve -> Alice4Mac 2.4.4 E QWK Ser#2-222 Origin: Alice strikes back @ from Wolfgang's MAC ------------------------------ Date: Wed, 28 Sep 94 12:00:00 GMT From: ihnp4.ucsd.edu!dog.ee.lbl.gov!news.cs.utah.edu!cs.utexas.edu!howland.reston.ans.net!swrinde!pipex!ibmpcug!ibmpcug!rcp!scott@network.ucsd.edu Subject: Why does Radio Shac care if I export HT202? ## To: info-hams@ucsd.edu In barry@indirect.com (Barry Rose) writes: >In article lestrade@Ra.MsState.Edu (John Patrick Lestrade) writes: >>From: lestrade@Ra.MsState.Edu (John Patrick Lestrade) >>Subject: Why does Radio Shac care if I export HT202? ## >>Date: 25 Sep 1994 10:20:34 -0500 >>I am brand new to ham radio and yesterday in a RS when I asked aboout >>their sale on the HT202, the salesman asked me if I intended to take it >>out of the country. (I happened to be with a french friend whose accent >>was obvious.) I am not going, unfortunately, out of the country! >>can anyone enlighten me as to why this is `illegal'? >>thanks >I am not sure it is illegal but I have heard that the repeaters in Europe use >a different scheme than we do here. Here we use one pl tone to access a >repeater, (sub-audible tone that you must have installed in your radio to >brind up the repeater). This means that a rig made for the US will have to >have their type of tone encoder installed or you will not have access to their >repeaters. You also need a operator license for any other country you might >choose to use it in. We do have reciprocating agreements with other countries >so many times you only need to notify that country and apply for a license >there. Since you are not going to another country, don't worry about his >question. Maybe he was just curious and wanted to go with you >73 >barry rose Also, in Europe we use different bandplans on quite a few bands to the ones you use in the States. Here our 2m band is 144-146, 70cms is 430-440, we have no 220MHz allocation, etc. etc. There may be a difference with repeater shifts, too. UK repeaters (I don't know about other European countries' repeaters) transmit 600kHz higher than their receive frequencies on 2m, and transmit 1.3MHz LOWER than their receive frequencies on 70cms. 73, Scott P.S. Although we do use subtones on most of our repeaters, I believe that you can get by with an older rig (or one which simply doesn't have the necessary hardware) using the usual 1750Hz toneburst to bring the repeaters up. This certainly used to be the case, but it's been a while since I used a repeater. -- ====================================================================== | Scott Earle, | Internet : scott@rcp.co.uk | | Senior Software Engineer, | AMPRnet : g0swg@g0swg.ampr.org | | RCP Ltd, | NTS BBS : G0SWG@GB7AVM | | Dales, | | | High Street, | Tel (work): +44 1235 510116 | | Didcot, Oxon. OX11 8EQ | FAX (work): +44 1235 511084 | ====================================================================== ------------------------------ Date: Wed, 28 Sep 1994 11:49:37 GMT From: lll-winken.llnl.gov!taco.cc.ncsu.edu!gatech!wa4mei!ke4zv!gary@ames.arpa To: info-hams@ucsd.edu References <365sjn$s1c@unet.net.com>, , <36ad3g$8mi@unet.net.com> Reply-To : gary@ke4zv.atl.ga.us (Gary Coffman) Subject : Re: Why is aviation COM VHF *amplitude* modulated? In article <36ad3g$8mi@unet.net.com> larson@loren.net.com (Alan Larson) writes: > > I would expect FM to be smaller than AM. Class C amplifiers are more >efficient and use less power, as well. I don't disagree with your main points, Alan, but I'd note that typical AM transmitters use Class C RF stages too. It's just that big plate modulator that makes them heavy and bulky. As you note, there are ways around that. FM rigs by constrast are simple and compact, basically a CW rig with a low level audio stage FMing the carrier oscillator. The key reasons aircraft aren't going to change to FM are the capture effect during receive, that can mask emergency calls, the cost of converting all the FBOs and aircraft nearly simultaneously, due to the nature of aviation, and spectrum availability, NBFM needs a 20 kHz channel while AM will fit in 6 kHz. Gary -- Gary Coffman KE4ZV | You make it, | gatech!wa4mei!ke4zv!gary Destructive Testing Systems | we break it. | emory!kd4nc!ke4zv!gary 534 Shannon Way | Guaranteed! | gary@ke4zv.atl.ga.us Lawrenceville, GA 30244 | | ------------------------------ End of Info-Hams Digest V94 #1074 ******************************